Weaner Calf Animal Health

At weaning give a combination worm drench orally or Eclipse E injectable or Eclipse pour-on.  Whilst calves are on their mothers' milk based diet internal parasites do not cause many issues but once weaned it is a major handbrake on pasture bases growth rates.

Minerals for weaners: it is hard to go past long acting selenium (Selovin LA) as a way to reliably sustain levels for the next 12 months.  Copper is also important.  Copacap copper bullets are longer acting, but Coppermax injection is a good alternative going into the winter, especially if wintering on brassicas.  Covexin 10 in 1 (or at a minimum Multine 5 in 1) vaccine is well justified at weaning and again 1 month later.  These vaccinations are critical if going onto fodderbeet.

Summary Recommendation at weaning: 1 x drench, 1 x mineral (selenium), 1 x vaccine (1st covexin). 5 weeks later: 1 x mineral (copper) 2nd covexin and drench if required.

Waitaki Valley Update - Sudden Death Cases

We have recently investigated several cases of sudden death in lambs that were diagnosed post mortem with pleuropneumonia, a very common problem typically occurring in late summer/autumn.

The economic impact of pneumonia is significant, not only due to lamb deaths but also with poor growth rates and downgrading of carcasses at slaughter.  Heat stress has been identified as a major risk factor, specifically open-mouthed breathing and panting, which allows infective organisms to bypass the protective defenses in the nose.  Other associated causes include dusty conditions, lack of shade, excessive dog use, high endophyte grasses and dehydration.

Shearing on the same day as weaning, with its increased stress and crowding also increases risk.  However, set stocking lambs after weaning has been shown to have a protective effect.  Fine wool breeds appear to be less susceptible, possibly due to increased heat tolerance.

Treatment is challenging however best results for prevention will occur from ensuring strong immune defenses, through good nutrition and disease control.  Giving a dose of Livestock Survival Drench has also been reported to reduce the incidence of pneumonia.

Sheep Keds

Recently we have seen an increased presence of Keds becoming an issue on farms predominantly in the Omarama, Palmerston and Ranfurly areas, particularly in fine wool sheep.  Due to compulsory plunge dipping of all sheep with organophosphate dips, in the past, Ked populations around the country were greatly reduced.  However some populations have started to re-emerge.

Sheep Keds are blood sucking wingless flies that cause irritation leading to fleece damage by rubbing as well as reduced growth rates and wool discolouration from digested blood in faeces.  Anaemia due to blood loss from high burdens is possible especially in young lambs.

Dipping with a product that has persistent activity for longer than the time it takes for pupae to hatch is required to kill all newly emerged adults.

It is important to form a plan with a combination of dipping and drenching to have the best result in eradicating Keds from your farm.  Best results come from using Cyrex for fly control as well as a lice dip that is effective against Keds.  This will either be a pour-on off shears or jet/shower dip with at least 4 weeks wool on.  Principals for control, as with lice control, are to have complete musters, secure boundary fences and quarantine dipping of any bought in stock.  To prevent growth limiting effects on lambs each drench should be either a Matrix or Switch, containing abamectin.

For any questions or to form an eradication plan talk to one of our Vets at the Blue Cross Veterinary Centre,.

Scheduling Beef Pregnancy Testing This Season

With the good spring conditions had around the district beef cows should be in good condition running with the bull.  The best way to manage how mating pans out is to correctly time pregnancy testing to allow ageing of pregnancies.

Aged pregnancy testing 6-8 weeks after the end of mating gives information allowing management decisions to be made:

• Late calvers can be kept separate during calving allowing better feed and mob management.
• It also provides a culling option for late calvers.
• Allows early identification of non-performing bulls and other reproduction opportunities and failures.

Sheep Measles

Occasionally we hear of slaughter animals with sheep measles.  These are hard white cysts found in the muscle tissue of sheep or goats.  It is caused by the tapeworm (Cysticercus ovis).  Although there is no associated human health risk, blemishes in the meat can result in a carcass being downgraded or condemned.

The parasite requires both dogs and sheep to complete its life cycle.  Dogs ingest the tapeworm (called Taenia ovis in dogs) in contaminated meat and then spread infection via eggs in the faeces.  Sheep become contaminated after ingesting eggs as they graze.  The eggs then penetrate the gut wall and move to the muscles of sheep where they form cysts.

CONTROL OF SHEEP MEASLES:

Regular worm treatment for dogs:

• Monthly treatment with a wormer containing Praziquantel (e.g. Droncit)
• Every third month this should be swapped for a treatment that contains ingredients active against other worms (e.g. Drontal)
• All dogs that enter the property should be treated (i.e. pets, friends & family, other visitors such as hunters)
• Join our worming programme and worm treatments will be posted out monthly.,

SAFE FEEDING OF SHEEP MEAT:

• Freezing is most practical
• Core meat temperature should be reduced to at least -10 degrees C for 10 days
• Date meat when placing in the freezer so it is easily identified
• Offal also needs to be frozen if being fed to dogs
• Butcher fresh carcasses away from dogs so they cannot access fresh meat
• Don't let dogs scavenge on sheep carcasses

Pre-weaning Drenching - what does the science say?

We often get asked whether it's worthwhile drenching lambs pre-weaning?  Survey work showed that up to 90% of farmers routinely drench their lambs at this point, targeting perceived benefits of better growth rates, less dags, and less pasture contamination.  Unfortunately any increase in drenching also carries an increased risk of selection pressure for resistance.  It is therefore good to have some clear evidence of the benefits of such strategies so that the pro's and con's can be weighed up.

In 2010, to answer this question, Beef+Lamb NZ funded a trial looking at the effects of a pre-weaning drench (normal roundworm), with or without a tapeworm drench (+ Praziquantel).  Both of these were compared to a control group that received no drench.  The tapeworm question was an interesting addition - it had long been thought that tapeworm didn't adversely affect growth.  However some more recent studies had challenged the theory that tapeworms are benign, and farmers also routinely report that they believe tapeworm causes a smelly scour that is attractive to strike flies.

Key Findings:

Weaning Weight

• Lambs given a roundworm drench were ~0.5kg heavier at weaning than the control group
• Lambs given roundworm + tape drench were ~1kg heavier at weaning than the control group
• Lambs given the additional tape drench showed a 24g/d liveweight gain advantage over a straight roundworm drench

Dag Scores

• There was a dag reduction response to a roundworm drench.  This response was slightly better when a tapeworm drench (praziquantel) was included.

Overall, these figures did support the feeling of farmers that a pre-weaning drench will lead to heavier and cleaner lambs at weaning.  The addition of a tape drench at this point may be beneficial.  Most of our clients opting for a Tape option would use "First" Drench (BZ, Levamisole + Praziquantel).  As with all drenching questions, any gains should be weighed up against the increased risk of resistance.  Our vets can help you examine these pro's and con's for your farming system, so make use of them!

Antibiotic Use In Production Animals

New Zealand farm systems use very little antibiotics compared with overseas, housed animal models.  However, it is sometimes worthwhile reminding ourselves of the value of modern medicines to ourselves and animals.

The introduction of penicillin to society in the post WWII era was a revolution for human and animal health.  What are now simple procedures were life threatening or not possible 60 years ago.  Emergence of antibiotic resistance is a reality and we know the risk factors that encourage it.  So examining our habits around its prescription, use and application is justified.

y message to farmers is:

• Get a diagnosis.  It has become a pattern of behaviour that we just "cover it with antibiotics" just incase or for lack of any other option.  Diagnosis is not always straight forward, but veterinary involvement, either on-farm or even over the phone should be sorted before treatment if unsure.
• Use the correct dose.  For example, for penicillin the standard label dose is not always appropriate and needs to be higher.
• Do a full course of treatment.  One dose is often inadequate to clear an infection.  This shortened course is a real risk factor for bacterial resistance to emerge.  Treat for "two days past clinical resolution" is a standard line.  There are a wide range of antibiotics that have different dose intervals ranging from 12 hours to 12 days.
• Check expiry date.
• Explore other options and/or prevention measures.

For example, conditions like footrot, there are things that you can do around troughing and inspection of the infection that will improve the efficacy of your antibiotic treatment or even reduce the numbers needing treatment.

Illnesses that require antibiotics will always occur, but many have a preventable aspect to explore.  Veterinary involvement is always worthwhile. 

We always need to challenge what we are doing with our livestock practices and look for efficiencies.  Our habits around antibiotic use are an important area to evaluate not just for the future health of animals but also for human populations.

We have a 3 tiered system of prescribing prescription drugs.  Over the counter, annual prescription renewal and specific condition veterinary consultation.  I hope as farmers you understand our need for these processes and you are not unduely inconvenienced when requesting antibiotics.

Spring Issues for Beef Cattle

The sun has been shining up the Waitaki Valley and spring is well and truly in the air with a decent growth of new grass starting to come through.  Unfortunately, this can pose a potential risk to soon to be calving beef cows as this fresh, fast growing spring pasture often has a low magnesium content.  Lactating cows have an increased demand for magnesium that consequently may not be met.

Inadequate magnesium levels lead to nervous signs such as excitement, bellowing, uncoordinated movement (hence the name Grass Staggers) and convulsions, rapidly progressing to death if untreated.  In extreme cases, the only sign of a problem may be cows found dead.

Treatment is possible by injecting a magnesium solution under the skin, but preventing the problem is always better.  This can be achieved by supplementing cows, starting 2-3 weeks prior to the risk period.  The addition of magnesium to supplementary feed or the administration of slow release capsules are suitable options.  Our vets can advise you on the best option for your farm.

Spring Larval Challenge

Spring is also a key time to consider drenching yearling beef stock as pasture larval loads peak during warm and wet weather, resulting in high levels of infection.  Once ingested, the larvae multiply and grow, causing gut damage which leads to scouring, suppressed appetite and diminished growth rates.  Using an effective combination oral or pour-on drench that targets Cooperia is recommended.  There are several oral options such as Matrix Minidose, Alliance or Arrest C.  Eclipse pour-on is the convenient option.

Cattle Lice

This is the time of year we see scratchy cattle appearing with lice infestations.  Lice obviously cause a lot of irritation and can be associated with ill thrift and cattle wrecking gates and posts, etc.

A salvage treatment early spring may be required (better to treat in early winter).  The critical thing is to dose all cattle with an effective dose and product.  Tempor will treat only lice, whereas many worm drench pour-ons and injectable drenches will also kill lice, but they are not all equal.  Genesis, Eclipse, Dectomax and moxidectin pour-ons are generally very good options.

Long Acting (LA) Ewe Anthelmintic Products

LA ewe products are commonly used pre-lambing, and have many advantages for both EWES and LAMBS, including:

• Improved ewe condition - through increased feed efficiency and improved appetite
• More milk and less body weight lost during lactaiton
• Less dags and improved lamb weights
• Significant benefits for twin bearing 2-tooths.

The production benefits of LA ewe products must always be balanced with the risk of drench resistance - their use can increase selection for resistant worms on your property if not used strategically.  Using best practice guidelines mitigates resistance pressure and extends the longevity of existing drench actives.

Best Practice Guidelines for LA Product use:

• Use an effective product: The only way to know how effective a drench family is on your property is to perform a Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT).  This will allow sustainable product use which will also maximise production.
• Utilise Refugia:  Utilising refugia involves not treating selected animals on a property to ensure a balance of susceptible larvae are present on the property.  This is a technical process and advice from a vet should be sought before proceeding.
• Faecal Egg Counts:  Check if capsules or LA injections are still working on your farm.  Our veterinary policy is to test all farms we have supplied capsules or LA injections to, at our cost, around 60 days after administration.  If eggs are detected, use an exit drench or triple active at the end of the long acting treatment.
• Use a triple combination or novel active (Zolvix/Startect) drench on lambs at weaning.
• Exit Drench with a novel drench or triple active at the end of the long acting treatment.

Products on the market:

Bionic:  A 100 days combination capsule with continued release of abamectin and albendazole, plus selenium and cobalt.  Withholding time is 126 days.

Extender SeCo:  A drench capsule which releases albendazole (white drench) for 100 days, plus selenium and cobalt.  A priming dose of an effective combination drench must be given to the ewes when capsules are inserted.  Withholding time is zero.

Exodus LA, Cydectin LA:  These products contain a long acting form of moxidectin.  It is active against Ostertagia for 112 days and Trichs for 42 days after a single injection.

Cydectin Injection including Eweguard:   A moxidectin injection that is active for 35 days against Ostertagia, and at least 7 days against Trich's.  It is best used 2-4 weeks pre-lamb.  Withholding time is 28 days.

Ewe Wastage - Johne's Disease

Johne's is present on 70% of farms and has contributed to 22% of total ill thrift diagnoses in NZ in the last 5 years, followed closely by Trace Element deficiency, showing us that it's a problem in New Zealand.  Johne's disease is caused by a bacteria that infects lambs while suckling or grazing, persisting in the gut and flaring up at stressful times such as a pinch of feed or shearing.  Ewes subsequently lose a significant amount of condition and eventually die.  Vaccination with Gudair as a hogget markedly reduces the onset of disease and contamination of the farm with the Johne's bacteria. 

Phil Smith runs 8500 Romney-Merino crosses just outside Naseby and has been vaccinating his sheep for Johne's for 10 years.  Prior to vaccination, Phil was losing 200-300 sheep each year, which was attributed to Johne's.  Once vaccination started there was a massive improvement in the hoggets the following year, ewe wastage continued to drop yearly until all animals were vaccinated.  Another appreciable difference to Phil was that there were no tail enders slowing down droving and a lot less faecal staining of wool in the yards at shearing time.  A contractor experienced with use of Gudair vaccine jabs all the hoggets on the conveyor in late September which covers them for life.  Phil still benefits from reduced ewe wastage and improved production and welfare.  There is no longer restrictions with slaughter of vaccinated animals.  More details will be presented at our roadshows including returns on investment.

Mated hoggets - early pregnancy weight gain essential

Looking at the financial returns from hogget mating, we have demonstrated that better returns can be made by mating fewer, well grown hoggets (taking a cut-off weight of 40-42kgs) than putting the rams out with all hoggets and seeing what takes.  Once mated, from June - July mated hoggets still need to be a priority.  This is the only chance until their lambs are weaned that they can really grow without the drain of heavy pregnancy and lactation.  Hoggets need to grow at 100g/day for the first 100 days of pregnancy.  Work on an allocation of ~1.6kgDM/hd/day.  This is important to build a decent frame for lambing.  When farmers who hogget mate end up with poor 2 tooths, it can be because they are not growing out during pre-tup to pre-lamb (March to July) and/or post weaning (January to March the following year).

Very fast growth rates (>250g/day on forage crops) may be detrimental to ovulation or lead to large birth weighty lambs and more dystocia.  Red clover and lucerne with leaf spot may reduct ovulation.

Animal health wise, parasites can be managed effectively through prudent use of bionic capsules or long acting injection.  B12, Selenium and iodine are important also.

There are a number of things under management control that can make a big difference to your hogget mating outcome.  Talk to us to go through a hogget mating check list.

Animal Health The Key To Success With Fine Wool Lambs

The essence of successful fine wool lamb finishing is keeping the worms out, the feet sound and the guts right.

The gut microflora on fine wool lambs is more delicate than others.  Smaller lambs (less than 23kg) are at much higher risk of scouring issues.  There isn't the scope to debate the virtues of enzyme drenches or explain this complex here, suffice to say avoiding the scrubbers will reduce wastage.

Fine Wool Lamb Parasite Management

The way merino lambs camp and graze together with an immature immune system, means they can be more prone to internal parasitism.  A solid preventative drenching program from the start is vital.  Woe betide skipping or stretching out a drench in the autumn....

Many find a SeCo capsule or LA injection takes care of the autumn worm issues.  An exit drench of Zolvix or Startect is a prudent measure to ensure any resistant worms are not carted through the winter.

Clostridial vaccines (2 shots) are a no brainer.  These valuable animals (as pointed out above) are the highest risk because they're on your property longer, have several feed changes and are expected to grow fast in the spring after shearing.

Fine Wool Lamb Feet Soundness

Having a plan and set up for managing feet and starting with inspecting feet when they first arrive is advised.  You can't take chances with footrot.  If an infection is left to spread in mob it can really smash your margins and making running these animals a misery.  With planning and good management fine wool hoggets can do very well on improved pastures.  Because of the dry summer this year, there have been less footrot infected lambs at weaning, but the back end of autumn with dewy conditions footrot infection can take off in hoggets if not managed.

For more specific details about animal health and feet management for successful fine wool finishing contact the Veterinary Centre.

Where are the Ewes at?

March is crunch time for setting up sheep breeding units for next season's production.  We would all like to be lifting ewes up to optimum mating weight about now.

Talking to Simon Englebrecht, Dunback East Otago, last year was a very dry start to autumn, but he still managed to achieve very good ovulation rates during the dry conditions.  There was a lack of green quality grass then and it looks like we're heading into a similar scenario this year.  Simon fed sheep nuts leading up to tupping.  The supplement program not only allowed ewes to maintain and even put on weight over autumn, it enables blocks to be spelled.  "When it did rain we carried on feeding the nuts to allow pasture to recover."

If you don't have quality feed for ewes pre-tup or in the first cycle of mating a high energy supplement can be justified if it results in more lambs at weaning and ewes in better shape for winter.  To make the supplement investment even more targeted, feed out to only BCS 2 (light ewes) or 2 tooths.

When you are doing your pre-tup animal health it is of great value to weigh and measure the condition of the mob at 2 points.  Ovulation rate is significantly influenced by body weight and condition.  In the table below are some generic targets for capital stock.

For light ewes you cannot expect to put on more than 150g/day liveweight (50-100g/day is realistic).  Aim to have less than 10% in this category by mating.  Farmers who have realised it is the light ewe management where the biggest gains in production can be made will have dealt with them at weaning (culled or start feeding).

What do the top performing farmers do?  Well they are all different, but the consistent thing is they PLAN, EXECUTE AND MONITOR better than most.

The biggest drivers of a breeding unit is fecundity and lamb growth rates.  Hitting autumn targets, such as those listed above, is where it starts.

At the Veterinary Centre we thrive on seeing clients achieving.  We're all about planning animal performance and hitting targets.  Talk to us if you want to continue to be or become one of these "top operators'.

Beef Cattle Pregnancy Testing

Have you age pregnancy tested your beef herd?  There are many advantages to this over the standard wet/dry information.  This is where we estimate a calving date for each cow +/- 7 days.

The benefits of dating beef cattle pregnancies mean you can:

• Monitor cows closer at calving.  Especially with heifers and studs recording calves on the drop.
• Calculate a conception rate to each cycle and monitor the efficiency of cow cycling and bull activity.
• Winter later cows differently
• Sell 3rd cycle/late calving cows or can be the first to go if required.
• Identify bull sub-fertility.  Detected if there are different conception rates after bulls have been swapped.  Suspect bulls can be serviced, tested or culled.

If you have more dry cows than normal but have not aged pregnancy tested, you have missed a big opportunity to get to the cause of the problem.  Foetal aging is a key to diagnosing beef repro performance and vital to implementing change that ensures better results.

Fossil Creek Angus stud, founded by Neil & Rose Sanderson, aged pregnancy tested their herd with the Veterinary Centre for the first time last year.

"The data just saved so many issues for us at calving.  We were able to do regular drafts of cows due to calve and made calf recording so much easier....  There were real benefits with grazing management and we'll definitely do it again next year".

Recording of the aged data can be as simple as a spray dot on the back, some put a sheep tag in the ear of 3rd cycle cows, or we can record tag/EID with the pregnancy status data.  In order to get accurate data, foetal aging is best done 6-8 weeks post bull removal.

Feet Soundness in the Flock

It has been a while since I have mentioned feet, and it is amazing that a bit of moisture in December has seen flare-ups of scald within a matter of days.  It still looks dry but there have been opportunities for the dormant footrot bug to jump from its hiding place of chronically infected hooves to fresh scaldy ones.  Pre-weaning troughing is probably on the cards for some operations in order to halt further spread and enable a break in the cycle of infection prior to tipping ewes soon after weaning.

With respect to footrot control Never waste a good drought.  When it is dry and there is no active spread of footrot, this is the time to inspect feet and remove what pool of infection is there before the next wee autumn flare-up.

I do have several success stories of clients putting in the time AT THE RIGHT TIME, using a plan and Micotil system and have got rid of footrot recently.

Apply sustainable drench practices in dry conditions

There are 2 key aspects to long term sustainable and effective worm control in sheep:

• Using effective combination drench.
• Refugia (proportion left undrenched) and stock movements either side of drenching. Key questions every sheep farmer needs to answer if serious about parasite control:
• What drenches are effective on MY property?
• How do I maintain drench effectiveness into the future? December to January is the best opportunity to answer these main questions by doing a reduction test and/or doing an animal health plan for the year.

Australia leads us in many things but their drench resistance is something we do not want to emulate. There are a number of reasons why this is the case, but one of the main factors in Australia is the prolonged dry periods, which means a much higher proportion of the worm population is in the gut of sheep, not on the ground (as in wet, green grass situations). So when a worm population is exposed to a drench, resistant worms can rapidly become the more dominant gene pool. With a drier east coast predicted this summer, it is an opportunity to really think about work biology and some of the sustainable parasite management practices that the industry are advocating.

WE will be contacting farmers who have shown interest in completing a FECRT or making time to map out animal health events for the year.

New Product - Long Acting Drench Capsule For Cattle

A new beef drench capsule, called Alpheus, has been launched onto the market.  The product was designed to optimise growth rates of young dairy stock through their first autumn.  Trials on beef cattle properties have indicated there is definitely potential for enhanced productivity for beef farmers.

The capsule looks similar and uses the same technology that is in the long acting sheep versions i.e. the pre lamb Bionic and Extender SeCo capsules.  The differences are the length of action is longer @ 125 days, the active is abamectin alone (although there are one off priming doses of levamisole and oxfendazole given with each capsule) and there are no selenium or cobalt minerals included.  The capsule is made for cattle in the weight range of 150 to 300kg.

It is administered by applicator with the 2 priming tablets.  The with-holding period is 180 days for meat and milk.  Specific trials have indicated additional weight gains of up to an additional 10% of initial liveweight compared to a control of monthly oral drenching with a triple combination drench.

The main benefits are the potential to enhance growth rates during the autumn growth period and the convenience of 1 treatment through this high challenge period.  The risk to manage is selection pressure for resistant worms typical of long acting treatments, especially those that contain a single active.

Beef Cow Feeding Post Calving

The most important time to feed a beef cow is 2 to 4 months after calving.  This determines how fast her calf grows and how soon she gets back in calf.  Cows need to be gaining weight when they are with the bull to optimise cycling.  In a trial performed where the only difference between groups was high (20kgDM/day) versus low (8kgDM/day) the empty rates were 0% and 22% respectively.  In reality we want to be feeding somewhere around 12kgDM/day from calving to mating.  Any reduction in this and the cow will sacrifice her body weight first to maintain milk production.  With only 85 days for a cow to get back in calf to maintain a 365 day calving interval cows need to be cycling when the bull goes in.  Make sure selenium levels are adequate.  Yearlings and 2 year olds can benefit from a drench.

Feeding Ewes From Lambing To Weaning

Looking forward in the production cycle the best time to achieve 400g/day + growth rates in lambs is in the first month of life. This can be achieved through optimising lactating-ewe feeding.

Around North Otago I see some orgranised farmers poking freshly lambed ewes through onto green feed (Italian usually) which must be a pretty good way of achieving these top growth rates. If you're not one of these operations with green feed up your sleeve, matching the peak milking ability of ewes (2-3 weeks after lambing) with spring grass growth is key to getting good early lamb growth rates.

Managing Low Pasture Growth

August - September 2015 has had very low soil temperatures, so I think most sheep breeding operations are going to have less feed growing than expected. Before we commit to opening all the gates and seeing what happens at weaning, what levers can we pull in this slow-cold spring scenario?

• Apply nitrogen, especially to best paddocks, even consider applying gibberellic acid in addition. This works best in the colder shoulders of the grass growing cycle.
• Look at early weaning of lambs onto legume dominant feed (lucerne, new clover).
• Parasite control in ewes and lambs is more critical. If long-acting drench is not applied pre-lamb, a docking drench to younger and/or lighter ewes. Tape drench lambs pre-weaning.
• Bail out early. Sell terminal/older ewes all counted. This may also free up space to allow a paddock or two to be sprayed out for a summer crop (rape/turnips etc). This will be handy if it turns dry again....

I'm sure most of these issues will be pondered and debated around the tailing pens over the next few weeks. Will be interested to know what you've learned and decided.

Dave Roberston BVSc, BSc

dave@vet111.co.nz